使用kubeadmin安装kubernetes 1.15

博主：安安
发布时间：2019 年 07 月 11 日
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分类：容器

<div class="tip share">请注意，本文编写于 1990 天前，最后修改于 1788 天前，其中某些信息可能已经过时。</div>

kubeadm是Kubernetes官方提供的用于快速安装Kubernetes集群的工具，伴随Kubernetes每个版本的发布都会同步更新，kubeadm会对集群配置方面的一些实践做调整，通过实验kubeadm可以学习到Kubernetes官方在集群配置上一些新的最佳实践。
最近发布的Kubernetes 1.15中，kubeadm对HA集群的配置已经达到beta可用，说明kubeadm距离生产环境中可用的距离越来越近了。

## 1.准备
### 1.1系统配置

在安装之前，需要先做如下准备。两台CentOS 7.6主机如下：
```
cat /etc/hosts
172.20.0.11 ip-172-20-0-11.cu-sd-cn.vm.7x34.com 
172.20.0.12 ip-172-20-0-12.cu-sd-cn.vm.7x34.com 
```
如果各个主机启用了防火墙，需要开放Kubernetes各个组件所需要的端口，可以查看Installing kubeadm中的”Check required ports”一节。 这里简单起见在各节点禁用防火墙：
```
systemctl stop firewalld
systemctl disable firewalld
```
禁用SELINUX：
```
setenforce 0
vi /etc/selinux/config
SELINUX=disabled
```
创建`/etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf`文件，添加如下内容：
```
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
```
执行命令使修改生效。
```
modprobe br_netfilter
sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf
```
###1.2kube-proxy开启ipvs的前置条件

由于ipvs已经加入到了内核的主干，所以为kube-proxy开启ipvs的前提需要加载以下的内核模块：
```
ip_vs
ip_vs_rr
ip_vs_wrr
ip_vs_sh
nf_conntrack_ipv4
```
在所有的Kubernetes节点node1和node2上执行以下脚本:
```
cat > /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules <<EOF
#!/bin/bash
modprobe -- ip_vs
modprobe -- ip_vs_rr
modprobe -- ip_vs_wrr
modprobe -- ip_vs_sh
modprobe -- nf_conntrack_ipv4
EOF
chmod 755 /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules && bash /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules && lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4
```
上面脚本创建了的/etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules文件，保证在节点重启后能自动加载所需模块。 使用lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4命令查看是否已经正确加载所需的内核模块。
接下来还需要确保各个节点上已经安装了ipset软件包yum install ipset。 为了便于查看ipvs的代理规则，最好安装一下管理工具ipvsadm yum install ipvsadm。
如果以上前提条件如果不满足，则即使kube-proxy的配置开启了ipvs模式，也会退回到iptables模式。

### 1.3安装Docker

Kubernetes从1.6开始使用CRI(Container Runtime Interface)容器运行时接口。默认的容器运行时仍然是Docker，使用的是kubelet中内置dockershim CRI实现。
安装docker的yum源:
```
yum install -y yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2
sudo yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
```
查看最新的Docker版本：
```
yum list docker-ce.x86_64  --showduplicates |sort -r
docker-ce.x86_64            3:18.09.7-3.el7                     docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64            3:18.09.6-3.el7                     docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64            3:18.09.5-3.el7                     docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64            3:18.09.4-3.el7                     docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64            3:18.09.3-3.el7                     docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64            3:18.09.2-3.el7                     docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64            3:18.09.1-3.el7                     docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64            3:18.09.0-3.el7                     docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64            18.06.3.ce-3.el7                    docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64            18.06.2.ce-3.el7                    docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64            18.06.1.ce-3.el7                    docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64            18.06.0.ce-3.el7                    docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64            18.03.1.ce-1.el7.centos             docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64            18.03.0.ce-1.el7.centos             docker-ce-stable
...
```
Kubernetes 1.15当前支持的docker版本列表是1.13.1, 17.03, 17.06, 17.09, 18.06, 18.09。 这里在各节点安装docker的18.09.7版本。
```
yum makecache fast
yum install -y --setopt=obsoletes=0 \
  docker-ce-18.09.7-3.el7 
systemctl start docker
systemctl enable docker
```
确认一下iptables filter表中FOWARD链的默认策略(pllicy)为ACCEPT。
```
iptables -nvL
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 263 packets, 19209 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination
    0     0 DOCKER-USER  all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0
    0     0 DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-1  all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0
    0     0 ACCEPT     all  --  *      docker0  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED
    0     0 DOCKER     all  --  *      docker0  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0
    0     0 ACCEPT     all  --  docker0 !docker0  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0
    0     0 ACCEPT     all  --  docker0 docker0  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0
```

### 1.4 修改docker cgroup driver为systemd

根据文档CRI installation中的内容，对于使用systemd作为init system的Linux的发行版，使用systemd作为docker的cgroup driver可以确保服务器节点在资源紧张的情况更加稳定，因此这里修改各个节点上docker的cgroup driver为systemd。
创建或修改/etc/docker/daemon.json：
```
{
  "exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"]
}
```
重启docker：
```
systemctl restart docker
docker info | grep Cgroup
Cgroup Driver: systemd
```

## 2.使用kubeadm部署Kubernetes
### 2.1 安装kubeadm和kubelet

下面在各节点安装kubeadm和kubelet：
```
cat <<EOF > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF
```
安装kubeadm、kubectl、kubelet
```
yum makecache fast
yum install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectl
... 
Installed:
  kubeadm.x86_64 0:1.15.0-0                  kubectl.x86_64 0:1.15.0-0                      kubelet.x86_64 0:1.15.0-0                                 
Dependency Installed:
  conntrack-tools.x86_64 0:1.4.4-4.el7            cri-tools.x86_64 0:1.12.0-0                   kubernetes-cni.x86_64 0:0.7.5-0     libnetfilter_cthelper.x86_64 0:1.0.0-9.el7    
  libnetfilter_cttimeout.x86_64 0:1.0.0-6.el7     libnetfilter_queue.x86_64 0:1.0.2-2.el7_2     socat.x86_64 0:1.7.3.2-2.el7 
```
从安装结果可以看出还安装了cri-tools, kubernetes-cni, socat三个依赖：
* 官方从Kubernetes 1.14开始将cni依赖升级到了0.7.5版本
* socat是kubelet的依赖
* cri-tools是CRI(Container Runtime Interface)容器运行时接口的命令行工具
运行kubelet --help可以看到原来kubelet的绝大多数命令行flag参数都被DEPRECATED了，如：

```
......
--address 0.0.0.0   The IP address for the Kubelet to serve on (set to 0.0.0.0 for all IPv4 interfaces and `::` for all IPv6 interfaces) (default 0.0.0.0) (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
......
```

而官方推荐我们使用--config指定配置文件，并在配置文件中指定原来这些flag所配置的内容。具体内容可以查看这里Set Kubelet parameters via a config file。这也是Kubernetes为了支持动态Kubelet配置（Dynamic Kubelet Configuration）才这么做的，参考Reconfigure a Node’s Kubelet in a Live Cluster。
kubelet的配置文件必须是json或yaml格式，具体可查看这里。
Kubernetes 1.8开始要求关闭系统的Swap，如果不关闭，默认配置下kubelet将无法启动。 关闭系统的Swap方法如下:

```
swapoff -a
```
修改 /etc/fstab 文件，注释掉 SWAP 的自动挂载，使用free -m确认swap已经关闭。   swappiness参数调整，修改/etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf添加下面一行：

```
vm.swappiness=0
```
执行`sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf`使修改生效。
因为这里本次用于测试两台主机上还运行其他服务，关闭swap可能会对其他服务产生影响，所以这里修改kubelet的配置去掉这个限制。 使用kubelet的启动参数--fail-swap-on=false去掉必须关闭Swap的限制，修改/etc/sysconfig/kubelet，加入：
```
KUBELET_EXTRA_ARGS=--fail-swap-on=false
```

### 2.2 使用kubeadm init初始化集群

在各节点开机启动kubelet服务：
```
systemctl enable kubelet.service
```
使用`kubeadm config print init-defaults`可以打印集群初始化默认的使用的配置：

```
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta2
bootstrapTokens:
- groups:
  - system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token
  token: abcdef.0123456789abcdef
  ttl: 24h0m0s
  usages:
  - signing
  - authentication
kind: InitConfiguration
localAPIEndpoint:
  advertiseAddress: 1.2.3.4
  bindPort: 6443
nodeRegistration:
  criSocket: /var/run/dockershim.sock
  name: node1
  taints:
  - effect: NoSchedule
    key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
---
apiServer:
  timeoutForControlPlane: 4m0s
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta2
certificatesDir: /etc/kubernetes/pki
clusterName: kubernetes
controllerManager: {}
dns:
  type: CoreDNS
etcd:
  local:
    dataDir: /var/lib/etcd
imageRepository: k8s.gcr.io
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.14.0
networking:
  dnsDomain: cluster.local
  serviceSubnet: 10.96.0.0/12
scheduler: {}

```

从默认的配置中可以看到，可以使用imageRepository定制在集群初始化时拉取k8s所需镜像的地址。基于默认配置定制出本次使用kubeadm初始化集群所需的配置文件kubeadm.yaml：

```
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta2
kind: InitConfiguration
localAPIEndpoint:
  advertiseAddress: 192.168.99.11
  bindPort: 6443
nodeRegistration:
  taints:
  - effect: PreferNoSchedule
    key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
---
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta2
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.15.0
networking:
  podSubnet: 10.244.0.0/16
```
使用kubeadm默认配置初始化的集群，会在master节点打上`node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule`的污点，阻止master节点接受调度运行工作负载。这里测试环境只有两个节点，所以将这个taint修改为node-role.kubernetes.io/master:PreferNoSchedule。
在开始初始化集群之前可以使用`kubeadm config images pull`预先在各个节点上拉取所k8s需要的docker镜像。
接下来使用kubeadm初始化集群，选择node1作为Master Node，在node1上执行下面的命令：

```
kubeadm init --config kubeadm.yaml --ignore-preflight-errors=Swap
[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.15.0
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
    [WARNING Swap]: running with swap on is not supported. Please disable swap
[preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster
[preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection
[preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using 'kubeadm config images pull'
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service
[certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
[certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [node1 localhost] and IPs [192.168.99.11 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [node1 localhost] and IPs [192.168.99.11 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key
[certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [node1 kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local] and IPs [10.96.0.1 192.168.99.11]
[certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "sa" key and public key
[kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes"
[kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file
[control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler"
[etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests". This can take up to 4m0s
[apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 26.004907 seconds
[upload-config] Storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system" Namespace
[kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config-1.15" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster
[upload-certs] Skipping phase. Please see --upload-certs
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node node1 as control-plane by adding the label "node-role.kubernetes.io/master=''"
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node node1 as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/master:PreferNoSchedule]
[bootstrap-token] Using token: 4qcl2f.gtl3h8e5kjltuo0r
[bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster
[bootstrap-token] Creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public" namespace
[addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
[addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy
Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!
To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:
  mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
  sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
  sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
  https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/
Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:
kubeadm join 192.168.99.11:6443 --token 4qcl2f.gtl3h8e5kjltuo0r \
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:7ed5404175cc0bf18dbfe53f19d4a35b1e3d40c19b10924275868ebf2a3bbe6e 
```

上面记录了完成的初始化输出的内容，根据输出的内容基本上可以看出手动初始化安装一个Kubernetes集群所需要的关键步骤。 其中有以下关键内容：
* [kubelet-start] 生成kubelet的配置文件”/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml”
* [certs]生成相关的各种证书
* [kubeconfig]生成相关的kubeconfig文件
* [control-plane]使用/etc/kubernetes/manifests目录中的yaml文件创建apiserver、controller-manager、scheduler的静态pod
* [bootstraptoken]生成token记录下来，后边使用kubeadm join往集群中添加节点时会用到
* 下面的命令是配置常规用户如何使用kubectl访问集群：
*

```
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
```
* 最后给出了将节点加入集群的命令kubeadm join 192.168.99.11:6443 --token 4qcl2f.gtl3h8e5kjltuo0r \ --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:7ed5404175cc0bf18dbfe53f19d4a35b1e3d40c19b10924275868ebf2a3bbe6e
查看一下集群状态，确认个组件都处于healthy状态：
```
kubectl get cs
NAME                 STATUS    MESSAGE             ERROR
controller-manager   Healthy   ok                  
scheduler            Healthy   ok                  
etcd-0               Healthy   {"health":"true"} 
```
集群初始化如果遇到问题，可以使用下面的命令进行清理：
```
kubeadm reset
ifconfig cni0 down
ip link delete cni0
ifconfig flannel.1 down
ip link delete flannel.1
rm -rf /var/lib/cni/
```

### 2.3 安装Pod Network

接下来安装flannel network add-on：
```
mkdir -p ~/k8s/
cd ~/k8s
curl -O https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
kubectl apply -f  kube-flannel.yml
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/flannel created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/flannel created
serviceaccount/flannel created
configmap/kube-flannel-cfg created
daemonset.extensions/kube-flannel-ds-amd64 created
daemonset.extensions/kube-flannel-ds-arm64 created
daemonset.extensions/kube-flannel-ds-arm created
daemonset.extensions/kube-flannel-ds-ppc64le created
daemonset.extensions/kube-flannel-ds-s390x created
```
这里注意kube-flannel.yml这个文件里的flannel的镜像是0.11.0，quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-amd64
如果Node有多个网卡的话，参考flannel issues 39701，目前需要在kube-flannel.yml中使用--iface参数指定集群主机内网网卡的名称，否则可能会出现dns无法解析。需要将kube-flannel.yml下载到本地，flanneld启动参数加上`--iface=<iface-name>`
```
......
containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-amd64
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        - --iface=eth1
......
```
使用kubectl get pod --all-namespaces -o wide确保所有的Pod都处于Running状态。
```
kubectl get pod -n kube-system
NAME                            READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
coredns-5c98db65d4-dr8lf        1/1     Running   0          52m
coredns-5c98db65d4-lp8dg        1/1     Running   0          52m
etcd-node1                      1/1     Running   0          51m
kube-apiserver-node1            1/1     Running   0          51m
kube-controller-manager-node1   1/1     Running   0          51m
kube-flannel-ds-amd64-mm296     1/1     Running   0          44s
kube-proxy-kchkf                1/1     Running   0          52m
kube-scheduler-node1            1/1     Running   0          51m
```

### 2.4 测试集群DNS是否可用

```
kubectl run curl --image=radial/busyboxplus:curl -it
kubectl run --generator=deployment/apps.v1beta1 is DEPRECATED and will be removed in a future version. Use kubectl create instead.
If you don't see a command prompt, try pressing enter.
[ root@curl-5cc7b478b6-r997p:/ ]$ 
```
进入后执行nslookup kubernetes.default确认解析正常:

```
nslookup kubernetes.default
Server:    10.96.0.10
Address 1: 10.96.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local
Name:      kubernetes.default
Address 1: 10.96.0.1 kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local
```
### 2.5 向Kubernetes集群中添加Node节点

下面将node2这个主机添加到Kubernetes集群中，在node2上执行:
```
kubeadm join 192.168.99.11:6443 --token 4qcl2f.gtl3h8e5kjltuo0r \
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:7ed5404175cc0bf18dbfe53f19d4a35b1e3d40c19b10924275868ebf2a3bbe6e \
 --ignore-preflight-errors=Swap
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
    [WARNING Swap]: running with swap on is not supported. Please disable swap
    [WARNING Service-Kubelet]: kubelet service is not enabled, please run 'systemctl enable kubelet.service'
[preflight] Reading configuration from the cluster...
[preflight] FYI: You can look at this config file with 'kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -oyaml'
[kubelet-start] Downloading configuration for the kubelet from the "kubelet-config-1.15" ConfigMap in the kube-system namespace
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service
[kubelet-start] Waiting for the kubelet to perform the TLS Bootstrap...
This node has joined the cluster:
* Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and a response was received.
* The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details.
Run 'kubectl get nodes' on the control-plane to see this node join the cluster.
```
node2加入集群很是顺利，下面在master节点上执行命令查看集群中的节点：
```
kubectl get node
NAME    STATUS   ROLES    AGE   VERSION
node1   Ready    master   57m   v1.15.0
node2   Ready    <none>   11s   v1.15.0
```
#### 2.5.1 如何从集群中移除Node

如果需要从集群中移除node2这个Node执行下面的命令：
在master节点上执行：
```
kubectl drain node2 --delete-local-data --force --ignore-daemonsets
kubectl delete node node2
```
在node2上执行：
```
kubeadm reset
ifconfig cni0 down
ip link delete cni0
ifconfig flannel.1 down
ip link delete flannel.1
rm -rf /var/lib/cni/
```
在node1上执行：
```
kubectl delete node node2
```
### 2.6 kube-proxy开启ipvs

修改ConfigMap的kube-system/kube-proxy中的config.conf，mode: "ipvs"：
```
kubectl edit cm kube-proxy -n kube-system
```
之后重启各个节点上的kube-proxy pod：
```
kubectl get pod -n kube-system | grep kube-proxy | awk '{system("kubectl delete pod "$1" -n kube-system")}'
```
```
kubectl get pod -n kube-system | grep kube-proxy
kube-proxy-7fsrg                1/1     Running   0          3s
kube-proxy-k8vhm                1/1     Running   0          9s
kubectl logs kube-proxy-7fsrg  -n kube-system
I0703 04:42:33.308289       1 server_others.go:170] Using ipvs Proxier.
W0703 04:42:33.309074       1 proxier.go:401] IPVS scheduler not specified, use rr by default
I0703 04:42:33.309831       1 server.go:534] Version: v1.15.0
I0703 04:42:33.320088       1 conntrack.go:52] Setting nf_conntrack_max to 131072
I0703 04:42:33.320365       1 config.go:96] Starting endpoints config controller
I0703 04:42:33.320393       1 controller_utils.go:1029] Waiting for caches to sync for endpoints config controller
I0703 04:42:33.320455       1 config.go:187] Starting service config controller
I0703 04:42:33.320470       1 controller_utils.go:1029] Waiting for caches to sync for service config controller
I0703 04:42:33.420899       1 controller_utils.go:1036] Caches are synced for endpoints config controller
I0703 04:42:33.420969       1 controller_utils.go:1036] Caches are synced for service config controller
```

日志中打印出了Using ipvs Proxier，说明ipvs模式已经开启。

## 3.Kubernetes常用组件部署

越来越多的公司和团队开始使用Helm这个Kubernetes的包管理器，这里也将使用Helm安装Kubernetes的常用组件。

### 3.1 Helm的安装

Helm由客户端命helm令行工具和服务端tiller组成，Helm的安装十分简单。 下载helm命令行工具到master节点node1的/usr/local/bin下，这里下载的2.14.1版本：
```
curl -O https://get.helm.sh/helm-v2.14.1-linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar -zxvf helm-v2.14.1-linux-amd64.tar.gz
cd linux-amd64/
cp helm /usr/local/bin/
```
为了安装服务端tiller，还需要在这台机器上配置好kubectl工具和kubeconfig文件，确保kubectl工具可以在这台机器上访问apiserver且正常使用。 这里的node1节点已经配置好了kubectl。
因为Kubernetes APIServer开启了RBAC访问控制，所以需要创建tiller使用的service account: tiller并分配合适的角色给它。 详细内容可以查看helm文档中的Role-based Access Control。 这里简单起见直接分配cluster-admin这个集群内置的ClusterRole给它。创建helm-rbac.yaml文件：

```
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: tiller
  namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: tiller
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: cluster-admin
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    name: tiller
    namespace: kube-system
```
```
ubectl create -f helm-rbac.yaml
serviceaccount/tiller created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/tiller created
```

接下来使用helm部署tiller:

```
helm init --service-account tiller --skip-refresh
Creating /root/.helm
Creating /root/.helm/repository
Creating /root/.helm/repository/cache
Creating /root/.helm/repository/local
Creating /root/.helm/plugins
Creating /root/.helm/starters
Creating /root/.helm/cache/archive
Creating /root/.helm/repository/repositories.yaml
Adding stable repo with URL: https://kubernetes-charts.storage.googleapis.com
Adding local repo with URL: http://127.0.0.1:8879/charts
$HELM_HOME has been configured at /root/.helm.
Tiller (the Helm server-side component) has been installed into your Kubernetes Cluster.
Please note: by default, Tiller is deployed with an insecure 'allow unauthenticated users' policy.
To prevent this, run `helm init` with the --tiller-tls-verify flag.
For more information on securing your installation see: https://docs.helm.sh/using_helm/#securing-your-helm-installation
Happy Helming!
```
tiller默认被部署在k8s集群中的kube-system这个namespace下：
```
kubectl get pod -n kube-system -l app=helm
NAME                            READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
tiller-deploy-c4fd4cd68-dwkhv   1/1     Running   0          83s
```
```
helm version
Client: &version.Version{SemVer:"v2.14.1", GitCommit:"5270352a09c7e8b6e8c9593002a73535276507c0", GitTreeState:"clean"}
Server: &version.Version{SemVer:"v2.14.1", GitCommit:"5270352a09c7e8b6e8c9593002a73535276507c0", GitTreeState:"clean"}
```
注意由于某些原因需要网络可以访问`gcr.io`和`kubernetes-charts.storage.googleapis.com`，如果无法访问可以通过`helm init --service-account tiller  --tiller-image <your-docker-registry>/tiller:v2.13.1 --skip-refresh`使用私有镜像仓库中的tiller镜像
最后在node1上修改helm chart仓库的地址为azure提供的镜像地址：

```
helm repo add stable http://mirror.azure.cn/kubernetes/charts
"stable" has been added to your repositories
helm repo list
NAME    URL                                     
stable  http://mirror.azure.cn/kubernetes/charts
local   http://127.0.0.1:8879/charts    
```
### 3.2 使用Helm部署Nginx Ingress

为了便于将集群中的服务暴露到集群外部，需要使用Ingress。接下来使用Helm将Nginx Ingress部署到Kubernetes上。 Nginx Ingress Controller被部署在Kubernetes的边缘节点上，关于Kubernetes边缘节点的高可用相关的内容可以查看之前整理的Bare metal环境下Kubernetes Ingress边缘节点的高可用,Ingress Controller使用hostNetwork。
我们将node1(192.168.99.11)做为边缘节点，打上Label：

```
kubectl label node node1 node-role.kubernetes.io/edge=
node/node1 labeled

kubectl get node
NAME    STATUS   ROLES         AGE    VERSION
node1   Ready    edge,master   138m   v1.15.0
node2   Ready    <none>        82m    v1.15.0
```
stable/nginx-ingress chart的值文件ingress-nginx.yaml如下：

```
controller:
  replicaCount: 1
  hostNetwork: true
  nodeSelector:
    node-role.kubernetes.io/edge: ''
  affinity:
    podAntiAffinity:
        requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        - labelSelector:
            matchExpressions:
            - key: app
              operator: In
              values:
              - nginx-ingress
            - key: component
              operator: In
              values:
              - controller
          topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname
  tolerations:
      - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
        operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
        operator: Exists
        effect: PreferNoSchedule
defaultBackend:
  nodeSelector:
    node-role.kubernetes.io/edge: ''
  tolerations:
      - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
        operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
        operator: Exists
        effect: PreferNoSchedule
```
nginx ingress controller的副本数replicaCount为1，将被调度到node1这个边缘节点上。这里并没有指定nginx ingress controller service的externalIPs，而是通过hostNetwork: true设置nginx ingress controller使用宿主机网络。

```
helm repo update
helm install stable/nginx-ingress \
-n nginx-ingress \
--namespace ingress-nginx  \
-f ingress-nginx.yaml
```
```
kubectl get pod -n ingress-nginx -o wide
NAME                                            READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP              NODE    NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
nginx-ingress-controller-cc9b6d55b-pr8vr        1/1     Running   0          10m   192.168.99.11   node1   <none>           <none>
nginx-ingress-default-backend-cc888fd56-bf4h2   1/1     Running   0          10m   10.244.0.14     node1   <none>           <none>
```
如果访问http://192.168.99.11返回default backend，则部署完成。

### 3.3 使用Helm部署dashboard

kubernetes-dashboard.yaml：

```
image:
  repository: k8s.gcr.io/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64
  tag: v1.10.1
ingress:
  enabled: true
  hosts: 
    - k8s.frognew.com
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/ssl-redirect: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/backend-protocol: "HTTPS"
  tls:
    - secretName: frognew-com-tls-secret
      hosts:
      - k8s.frognew.com
nodeSelector:
    node-role.kubernetes.io/edge: ''
tolerations:
    - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
      operator: Exists
      effect: NoSchedule
    - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
      operator: Exists
      effect: PreferNoSchedule
rbac:
  clusterAdminRole: true
```
```
helm install stable/kubernetes-dashboard \
-n kubernetes-dashboard \
--namespace kube-system  \
-f kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
```

```
kubectl -n kube-system get secret | grep kubernetes-dashboard-token
kubernetes-dashboard-token-pkm2s                 kubernetes.io/service-account-token   3      3m7s
kubectl describe -n kube-system secret/kubernetes-dashboard-token-pkm2s
Name:         kubernetes-dashboard-token-pkm2s
Namespace:    kube-system
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  kubernetes.io/service-account.name: kubernetes-dashboard
              kubernetes.io/service-account.uid: 2f0781dd-156a-11e9-b0f0-080027bb7c43
Type:  kubernetes.io/service-account-token
Data
====
ca.crt:     1025 bytes
namespace:  11 bytes
token:      eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IiJ9.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.24ad6ZgZMxdydpwlmYAiMxZ9VSIN7dDR7Q6-RLW0qC81ajXoQKHAyrEGpIonfld3gqbE0xO8nisskpmlkQra72-9X6sBPoByqIKyTsO83BQlME2sfOJemWD0HqzwSCjvSQa0x-bUlq9HgH2vEXzpFuSS6Svi7RbfzLXlEuggNoC4MfA4E2hF1OX_ml8iAKx-49y1BQQe5FGWyCyBSi1TD_-ZpVs44H5gIvsGK2kcvi0JT4oHXtWjjQBKLIWL7xxyRCSE4HmUZT2StIHnOwlX7IEIB0oBX4mPg2_xNGnqwcu-8OERU9IoqAAE2cZa0v3b5O2LMcJPrcxrVOukvRIumA
```
在dashboard的登录窗口使用上面的token登录。

### 3.4 使用Helm部署metrics-server

从Heapster的github https://github.com/kubernetes/heapster中可以看到已经，heapster已经DEPRECATED。 这里是heapster的deprecation timeline。 可以看出heapster从Kubernetes 1.12开始从Kubernetes各种安装脚本中移除。
Kubernetes推荐使用metrics-server。我们这里也使用helm来部署metrics-server。
metrics-server.yaml:
```
args:
- --logtostderr
- --kubelet-insecure-tls
- --kubelet-preferred-address-types=InternalIP
nodeSelector:
    node-role.kubernetes.io/edge: ''
tolerations:
    - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
      operator: Exists
      effect: NoSchedule
    - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
      operator: Exists
      effect: PreferNoSchedule
```
```
helm install stable/metrics-server \
-n metrics-server \
--namespace kube-system \
-f metrics-server.yaml
```
使用下面的命令可以获取到关于集群节点基本的指标信息：

```
kubectl top node
NAME    CPU(cores)   CPU%   MEMORY(bytes)   MEMORY%
node1   650m         32%    1276Mi          73%
node2   73m          3%     527Mi           30%
Code
```
```
kubectl top pod -n kube-system
NAME                                    CPU(cores)   MEMORY(bytes)   
coredns-5c98db65d4-dr8lf                8m           7Mi             
coredns-5c98db65d4-lp8dg                6m           8Mi             
etcd-node1                              44m          46Mi            
kube-apiserver-node1                    74m          295Mi           
kube-controller-manager-node1           35m          50Mi            
kube-flannel-ds-amd64-7lwm9             2m           8Mi             
kube-flannel-ds-amd64-mm296             5m           9Mi             
kube-proxy-7fsrg                        1m           11Mi            
kube-proxy-k8vhm                        3m           11Mi            
kube-scheduler-node1                    8m           15Mi            
kubernetes-dashboard-848b8dd798-c4sc2   2m           14Mi            
metrics-server-8456fb6676-fwh2t         10m          19Mi            
tiller-deploy-7bf78cdbf7-9q94c          1m           16Mi   
``` 
遗憾的是，当前Kubernetes Dashboard还不支持metrics-server。因此如果使用metrics-server替代了heapster，将无法在dashboard中以图形展示Pod的内存和CPU情况(实际上这也不是很重要，当前我们是在Prometheus和Grafana中定制的Kubernetes集群中各个Pod的监控，因此在dashboard中查看Pod内存和CPU也不是很重要)。 Dashboard的github上有很多这方面的讨论，如https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/issues/2986，Dashboard已经准备在将来的某个时间点支持metrics-server。但由于metrics-server和metrics pipeline肯定是Kubernetes在monitor方面未来的方向，所以推荐使用metrics-server。

## 4.总结

本次安装涉及到的Docker镜像：
```
# network and dns
quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-amd64
k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.3.1

# helm and tiller
gcr.io/kubernetes-helm/tiller:v2.14.1
# nginx ingress
quay.io/kubernetes-ingress-controller/nginx-ingress-controller:0.24.1
k8s.gcr.io/defaultbackend:1.5
# dashboard and metric-sever
k8s.gcr.io/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.10.1
gcr.io/google_containers/metrics-server-amd64:v0.3.2
```
参考
* Installing kubeadm
* Using kubeadm to Create a Cluster
* Get Docker CE for CentOS
* kubernetes: k8s.io/kubernetes/cmd/kubeadm/app/apis/kubeadm/v1beta2

最后修改：2020 年 01 月 29 日

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使用kubeadmin安装kubernetes 1.15

安安 • 2019 年 07 月 11 日

<div class="tip share">请注意，本文编写于 1990 天前，最后修改于 1788 天前，其中某些信息可能已经过时。</div>

## 1.准备
### 1.1系统配置

### 1.3安装Docker

### 1.4 修改docker cgroup driver为systemd

## 2.使用kubeadm部署Kubernetes
### 2.1 安装kubeadm和kubelet

```
swapoff -a
```
修改 /etc/fstab 文件，注释掉 SWAP 的自动挂载，使用free -m确认swap已经关闭。   swappiness参数调整，修改/etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf添加下面一行：

### 2.2 使用kubeadm init初始化集群

在各节点开机启动kubelet服务：
```
systemctl enable kubelet.service
```
使用`kubeadm config print init-defaults`可以打印集群初始化默认的使用的配置：

```

### 2.3 安装Pod Network

### 2.4 测试集群DNS是否可用

日志中打印出了Using ipvs Proxier，说明ipvs模式已经开启。

## 3.Kubernetes常用组件部署

越来越多的公司和团队开始使用Helm这个Kubernetes的包管理器，这里也将使用Helm安装Kubernetes的常用组件。

### 3.1 Helm的安装

接下来使用helm部署tiller:

```
kubectl label node node1 node-role.kubernetes.io/edge=
node/node1 labeled

### 3.3 使用Helm部署dashboard

kubernetes-dashboard.yaml：

### 3.4 使用Helm部署metrics-server

## 4.总结

本次安装涉及到的Docker镜像：
```
# network and dns
quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-amd64
k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.3.1

使用kubeadmin安装kubernetes 1.15

PHP 7.2.11 安装

浏览器提示“你的连接不是专用连接”无法使用解决方案

关于SSD硬盘的指标DWPD、TBW 、P/E

python 3.8.1 编译报错 Could not import runpy module 问题

ESXI更新到6.7后CVE-2018-3646警告的处理

zabbix脚本邮件告警内容为附件问题

修改pip镜像地址

Linux 系统添加永久静态路由

黑群晖激活Active Backup for Business

数据单位的两种标准-Data(Metric)和Data(IEC）

使用kubeadmin安装kubernetes 1.15